Researchers, such as Bill, earn the role of author when they have made a significant contribution. Determining if Bill's contribution was essential to the completed work is necessary in deciding if the actions of Sara and her mentor were inappropriate. The role of communication in conflict of interest cases is essential. From the beginning of the writing process, Sara and her advisor need to communicate to others involved that they must give attribution to all who have made a significant contribution. According to Macrina (2000), merely providing funding for the work, or having the status of group or unit leader,does not alone justify authorship. Nor does offering lab space or the use of instruments.